Variance means the measurement of how spread out or dispersed the values in a dataset are. A smaller variance indicates that the data points are closer to the mean and less dispersed, while a larger variance suggests that the data points are more spread out from the mean. A t-test is a way to figure out if two sets of data are different from each other in a meaningful way, taking into account the variability within each group and the size of the samples. P-value shows if the data is normal. If it’s below 0.05, data might not be normal. If its above 0.05 then its close to normal. A pre-molt histogram shows the distribution of data before an event. A post-molt histogram shows data after the event to check for changes. A Monte Carlo permutation test that involves repeatedly shuffling the data to simulate random chance outcomes.